![]() Hearing a word spoken in one language often activates similar words in the other language in bilingual speakers ( Ju & Luce, 2004 Spivey & Marian, 1999). Overall, they invite a rethinking of the role of both variables in bilingual lexical access for speakers with different language dominance profiles. Collectively, these results suggest that both language dominance and order of acquisition help explain translation priming findings and bilingual lexical processing, generally. Treating language dominance as a continuous variable revealed that L1–L2 priming correlated with increased Cantonese dominance, while L2–L1 priming marginally correlated with increased English dominance. Native speakers showed stronger L1–L2 priming, consistent with previous findings, while heritage speakers showed priming in both directions, and marginally larger L2–L1 priming. ![]() If order of acquisition is the primary factor, stronger priming is expected in the L1–L2 (Cantonese–English) direction however, if dominance plays a stronger role, priming is expected in the L2–L1 (English–Cantonese) direction. As heritage speakers first learn Cantonese (L1) but later become dominant in English (L2), this profile allows for the potential dissociation of dominance and order of acquisition in translation priming. Here, Cantonese heritage and native speakers are tested in an auditory translation priming paradigm. As such, the relative contribution of language dominance and order of acquisition is confounded in these results. ![]() Late L2 learners also acquire the L2 after the L1 and are typically less dominant in the L2. Late second language (L2) learners show translation priming from the first language (L1) to the second language (L1–L2), while L2–L1 effects are inconsistent.
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